# Proposed Town of Deep River, Indiana — Cumulative Research Brief

**Status:** Working research brief. “Deep River” below refers to the proposed campaign project unless a source expressly refers to the current unincorporated area, Deep River Park, a watershed, or another existing geographic feature. No source reviewed establishes Deep River as an incorporated municipality.

## 2026-07-21 — Public services and infrastructure baseline

### Topic
Public services available through Lake County and the practical service questions a proposed town would have to answer.

### Verified findings

- Lake County’s official Board of Commissioners page identifies the Board of County Commissioners as the county’s executive and administrative authority. It lists control and maintenance of county property, claims and contracts, construction and maintenance of roads and bridges, certain appointments, election functions, and service on the County Board of Finance among its responsibilities.
- Lake County’s official Plan Commission page states that its zoning and subdivision regulations and enforcement jurisdiction extend to **unincorporated Lake County**. The page specifically says it handles contractor, building, and zoning complaints in the unincorporated area and provides an unincorporated Lake County zoning map. This is evidence about the present unincorporated regulatory setting, not evidence of proposed-town boundaries.
- Lake County 911’s official page states that the 911 Center provides public-safety communications for residents, visitors, and emergency-response agencies. Its “About” page says the system serves 17 communities, unincorporated townships, and 42 public-safety agencies. Those figures are Lake County 911’s current service description; they are not a population count and do not identify which agencies would serve a proposed Deep River town.
- Lake County Emergency Management’s official Response Preparedness page states that the County has an Emergency Response Team to assist residents in unincorporated areas. It also says Lake County participates in a mutual-aid agreement with Jasper, LaPorte, Newton, and Porter counties. This supports a campaign distinction between current county/unincorporated emergency arrangements and any future municipal service model.
- Lake County’s official health pages describe permitting and oversight for residential onsite wastewater systems (septic systems), including the public-health and groundwater/surface-water protection rationale. The existence of this county program does not establish that every parcel in the proposed area uses septic, nor does it establish sewer availability.
- Lake County’s official MS4 notice identifies Deep River-related hydrologic units among the receiving waters for county stormwater discharges: Lake George–Deep River, Little Calumet River–Deep River, and Main Beaver Dam Ditch–Deep River. This verifies a stormwater/watershed planning issue, but not a proposed town boundary or the location of a particular parcel.
- Lake County’s official site lists the County Council’s 1st through 7th districts, including the 6th District, and provides a “Find My Council District” tool. The Council’s official page describes the Council as the County’s financial power and a check on the Board of Commissioners. The 6th District is therefore an electoral/financial-government geography, not a municipal boundary and not a substitute for a proposed-town service area.
- Lake County’s official homepage separately lists existing incorporated towns and cities, including Crown Point, Cedar Lake, Dyer, Griffith, Highland, Hobart, Lowell, Merrillville, Munster, New Chicago, Schererville, St. John, and Winfield. It does not list a Town of Deep River. This is a current website roster, not a definitive legal opinion, but it is consistent with the project’s required status distinction.

### Source URLs

- https://lakecounty.in.gov/departments/commissioners
- https://lakecounty.in.gov/departments/planning-commission
- https://911.lakecounty.in.gov/about
- https://lakecounty.in.gov/departments/lc911
- https://lakecounty.in.gov/departments/emergency-mgmt/lake-county-response-preparedness
- https://lakecounty.in.gov/departments/health/Environmental-Health-Division/inspections-and-permits/septic-systems
- https://lakecounty.in.gov/departments/ms4-stormwater-quality/new-2022-municipal-separate-storm-sewer-system-ms4
- https://lakecounty.in.gov/departments/council
- https://lakecounty.in.gov/
- https://lakecountyhub-lakeingispro.hub.arcgis.com/

### Relevance to the campaign

The strongest near-term campaign work is not a slogan or population estimate; it is a parcel-level service inventory. For each candidate parcel, the campaign should document current zoning jurisdiction, road ownership/maintenance, 911 and fire/EMS response agency, sewer versus septic status, stormwater drainage, and whether the parcel lies inside or outside each relevant incorporated municipality. The County’s existing systems may already provide some services, but incorporation would require a defensible answer to what changes, what remains intergovernmental, and how costs are paid.

The campaign should publish the Council 6th District only as an overlay when relevant to representation or outreach. It should never label that district as “Deep River,” use it as the proposed boundary, or infer support from its officeholder or electorate.

### Uncertainties

- I did not find a public, authoritative parcel list or map for the proposed Town of Deep River, so no parcel count, acreage, population, service-area total, or 6th District overlap is reported.
- The Lake County site’s service pages describe county programs but do not, by themselves, identify the exact fire, police, EMS, road, sewer, or drainage provider for every Deep River-area address.
- The official Indiana Code site was JavaScript-only in this pass, and the available Lake County GIS Hub landing page did not expose a parcel dataset through the text fetch. Exact infrastructure claims require parcel/GIS records and provider confirmation.
- “17 communities” and “42 public safety agencies” are figures stated by Lake County 911; this brief does not independently recompute them.
- No public-support conclusion is warranted from these administrative pages.

### One concrete next research question

Which parcels and road segments would the campaign’s proposed boundary include, and for each one what are the current zoning jurisdiction, precinct, Council district, 911/fire/EMS provider, road owner, wastewater arrangement, and stormwater receiving watershed?

## 2026-07-21 — Legal process for incorporating an Indiana town

### Topic
Current statutory pathway and practical prerequisites for incorporating the proposed Town of Deep River.

### Verified findings

- The relevant current statutory chapter is Indiana Code Title 36, Article 5, Chapter 1, “Incorporation; Dissolution” (including IC 36-5-1-2 through IC 36-5-1-10.1). The Indiana General Assembly’s current-code page identifies Title 36 as the governing title, but its web application was JavaScript-only in this research pass, so the page’s section text could not be directly extracted here.
- The Indiana State Board of Accounts’ official 2013 Cities and Towns Bulletin records the enacted change made by Public Law 147 / House Enrolled Act 1186, effective July 1, 2013. It states that a written town-incorporation petition must be signed by at least **10% of the owners of land in the territory**. This is a landowner-signature threshold, not a percentage of residents, voters, households, or total acreage.
- The same official bulletin states that the petition must include the petitioners’ contact person information and, if the petitioners want incorporation decided by a public question at a special election, a statement agreeing to pay the special-election costs.
- The official bulletin states that, after the petition process, the county commissioners must choose among three paths: adopt an ordinance incorporating the town, deny the petition, or adopt a resolution placing a public question about incorporation on an election ballot. The bulletin also states that, for petitions filed after June 30, 2013, a denied petition cannot be refiled for two years.
- A current 2025 compilation of IC 36-5-1-2, used as a secondary text because the official code interface was unavailable to direct extraction, describes filing a written petition in quadruplicate with the executive of the county containing all or a majority of the proposed territory. It repeats the 10%-of-landowners threshold and says each signature must be verified with a statement that the signer owns land in the territory. This is a legal-research lead that should be checked against the official current code before filing anything.
- The current chapter’s section listings and current secondary summaries identify additional steps beyond signature collection, including items accompanying the petition, county review of sufficiency and a plan, a public hearing and notice, restrictions concerning proximity to an existing city, county findings on incorporation, and an ordinance/election process. The campaign should treat these as mandatory workstreams, not assume that a petition alone creates a town.
- The proposed Deep River project is not an incorporated town merely because a campaign, petition, map, or organizing committee exists. The present Deep River area remains subject to its current unincorporated/municipal jurisdictions unless and until the statutory process produces the required legal action. The Lake County Council 6th District is a county council electoral/financial district; it is not the proposed town’s boundary and does not substitute for the incorporation process.

### Source URLs

- https://iga.in.gov/laws/2026/ic/titles/36
- https://www.in.gov/sboa/files/ctb2013_006.pdf
- https://archive.iga.in.gov/2013/bills/billinfo5fe3.html?year=2013&session=1&request=getBill&docno=1186&doctype=HB
- https://law.justia.com/codes/indiana/title-36/article-5/chapter-1/section-36-5-1-2
- https://law.justia.com/codes/indiana/title-36/article-5/chapter-1/section-36-5-1-3
- https://law.justia.com/codes/indiana/title-36/article-5/chapter-1/section-36-5-1-4
- https://law.justia.com/codes/indiana/title-36/article-5/chapter-1/section-36-5-1-5
- https://law.justia.com/codes/indiana/title-36/article-5/chapter-1/section-36-5-1-8
- https://law.justia.com/codes/indiana/title-36/article-5/chapter-1/section-36-5-1-10-1

### Relevance to the campaign

The campaign’s first legal deliverable should be a boundary-specific incorporation feasibility packet, not a public claim that Deep River is already a town. It should contain a survey and legal description, a parcel-level landowner inventory, a verified count of qualifying landowners, the petition-signature denominator and 10% calculation, a service plan, a fiscal plan, a notice/hearing calendar, and a decision tree for county-commissioner action versus a public question. The 10% figure cannot be converted into a signature target until the proposed territory and the qualifying landowners are known.

Because the proposed area has not been established here as a legal territory, the campaign must not publish a population, acreage, landowner count, or signature number for “Deep River.” It should also avoid describing Council District 6 as the campaign’s jurisdiction; at most, it is an outreach and representation overlay to be mapped separately.

### Uncertainties

- The official Indiana General Assembly’s current-code interface was unavailable to direct text extraction during this pass. The current statutory URL is provided, but the detailed current-law summary above relies on the official 2013 State Board of Accounts bulletin plus current secondary compilations and must receive legal review before use in a filing.
- No proposed boundary, survey, legal description, parcel list, landowner denominator, fiscal plan, or service plan was found in the existing brief or the sources reviewed. Therefore, no eligibility conclusion or signature count is offered.
- The exact current identity of the county “executive” for this process, filing format, notice mechanics, proximity-to-city requirements, and any amendments after the sources reviewed should be confirmed with the Lake County Commissioners, Lake County legal counsel, and Indiana municipal counsel.
- This research does not establish whether any person supports or opposes incorporation, and it does not establish that a petition has been filed.

### One concrete next research question

What exact survey-defined territory is being proposed, and can Lake County’s Auditor/Recorder/GIS records produce a parcel-by-parcel list of landowners and incorporated-jurisdiction overlaps sufficient to calculate the current IC 36-5-1-2 10% petition threshold?

## 2026-07-21 — Water resources and ecology

### Topic
Current water-resource baseline for the proposed Town of Deep River, with the watershed treated as an ecological and infrastructure geography rather than as a municipal boundary.

### Verified findings

- The Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) currently describes the Deep River–Portage Burns Watershed as draining approximately **180 square miles** across Lake and Porter counties into Lake Michigan. IDEM lists Deep River, Deer Creek, Duck Creek, Lake George, Main Beaver Dam Ditch, Niles Ditch, Smith Ditch, Sprout Ditch, Turkey Creek, Burns Ditch, and Willow Creek among the major waterbodies. The 180-square-mile figure is a watershed estimate/rounded description, not the area of the proposed town.
- The official Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission (NIRPC) watershed plan gives a more precise **2016-plan delineation** of 115,138 acres, or 179.9 square miles, divided into nine HUC-12 subwatersheds. It says the watershed includes the entirety of Hobart and Merrillville plus portions of Cedar Lake, Crown Point, Gary, Griffith, Lake Station, New Chicago, St. John, Schererville, Winfield, Portage, Lakes of the Four Seasons, and Ogden Dunes. Those municipalities are watershed participants/overlaps, not evidence of a proposed Deep River municipal boundary.
- IDEM’s current watershed page identifies historical impairments including dissolved oxygen, E. coli, impaired biotic communities, PCBs in fish, total mercury, and siltation. It also identifies potential sources including agricultural and pasture runoff, manure application, urban and rural runoff, home sewage-treatment systems, municipal separate storm sewer systems, and combined-sewer-overflow outlets. This is a watershed-level source inventory, not proof that any particular Deep River-area parcel causes pollution.
- IDEM reports that its watershed sampling program assessed **35 sites** for general chemistry, nutrients, habitat, fish and macroinvertebrate communities, and stream flow. The page links the approved TMDL materials and states that inaccuracies were later found in the final report’s bacteria-TMDL calculations; IDEM notified the U.S. EPA in December 2017, and a revised decision document and memorandum were issued. Campaign materials should use the revised materials and should not present the original unrevised bacteria calculations as current fact.
- The NIRPC plan’s 2013–2014 IDEM monitoring summary reported approximately **210 stream miles not supporting full-body-contact recreational use** and **225 stream miles not supporting aquatic-life use** at that time. These are dated watershed-monitoring results, not current measurements and not a statement that every reach of Deep River is unsafe for every use.
- The NIRPC plan estimated approximately **12,682 acres** within the watershed’s 100-year and 500-year floodplains, based on the plan’s floodplain mapping. This is a watershed-level estimate from the 2016 plan and cannot be used to classify a proposed-town parcel without current FEMA/Lake County GIS review.
- The same plan states that slightly more than **92% of the watershed’s land area** was rated “very limited” for conventional septic systems using absorption fields. It also states that Lake and Porter County health departments did not then have an inventory of all septic-system locations and that the unsewered-area map was an approximation/proxy. This is a strong planning warning, not a parcel-level septic failure rate or a basis for claiming that all proposed-town properties need sewers.
- USGS maintains an active monitoring-location record for **Deep River at Lake George Outlet at Hobart, Indiana (station 04093000)**, operated in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Natural Resources. USGS station metadata identify the site in Lake County, with a 124-square-mile drainage area and HUC 04040001. The station is useful for a campaign monitoring and flood-risk data plan, but its drainage area is not a proposed-town population or boundary.
- The Indiana DNR Lake Michigan Coastal Program identifies Deep River/Burns Waterway watershed management goals including reducing sediment deposition into Lake George, improving upstream water quality, eliminating illegal discharges and failing septic systems, and promoting consistency among communities. Its fact sheet is an older baseline (source marked IDEM 2008) and should be used as historical context, not as the current impairment inventory.
- NIRPC’s Greenways + Blueways plan describes the Deep River corridor as connecting natural areas in Hobart Marsh, Deep River County Park, the Little Calumet River corridor, and Indiana Dunes. It identifies nearly 750 acres of permanently protected but fragmented land in the Hobart Marsh and Prairie Grove area. These conservation facts support a corridor-and-access campaign frame, but they do not establish ownership, public access, or inclusion in the proposed town.

### Source URLs

- https://www.in.gov/idem/nps/resources/total-maximum-daily-load-reports/deep-river-portage-burns
- https://www.in.gov/nirpc/environment/deep-river-watershed-initiative
- https://www.in.gov/nirpc/files/Deep-River-Portage-Burns-Waterway-WMP-FINAL-Sept-2017.pdf
- https://waterdata.usgs.gov/monitoring-location/04093000
- https://waterservices.usgs.gov/nwis/site/?format=rdb&sites=04093000&siteOutput=expanded
- https://www.in.gov/dnr/lake-michigan-coastal-program/files/lm-Deep_River_Watershed.pdf
- https://www.in.gov/nirpc/files/GreenwaysBlueways-2020-Plan-FINAL.pdf

### Relevance to the campaign

Water is the most credible organizing frame available before a legal boundary exists: the proposal can advocate a shared Deep River corridor while plainly separating that watershed from the future municipal territory. A serious campaign platform should commit to current parcel-level floodplain review, septic/sewer inventory, stormwater coordination, riparian-buffer and wetland protection, public access where legally available, and use of the USGS station and IDEM data for transparent monitoring. It should avoid promising that incorporation alone will clean the river; the watershed crosses multiple existing jurisdictions and the documented problems require intergovernmental, state, and property-level work.

The campaign should publish the 180-square-mile watershed figure only with the label “watershed,” never as the size of the proposed town. It should also treat the Council 6th District as a separate county electoral overlay, not as the Deep River watershed or proposed municipal boundary.

### Uncertainties

- No survey-defined proposed-town territory was provided or located, so no claim can be made about which streams, wetlands, floodplain acres, conservation parcels, or USGS drainage areas would fall inside the proposal.
- IDEM’s current public page summarizes the TMDL history and links revised materials, but it does not provide a parcel-level, current impairment table in the page text. The linked current assessment/e303d records should be checked for each candidate reach before making a present-tense water-quality claim.
- The NIRPC watershed plan is dated 2016/2017, and its 2013–2014 monitoring and land-cover figures are historical. They are useful baselines, not substitutes for current sampling, FEMA maps, LiDAR, or parcel GIS.
- The DNR coastal fact sheet uses a 2008 303(d) source and older land-cover data; it is not used here to override IDEM’s current watershed page.
- A watershed crossing municipal lines does not show public support for incorporation, and none of the sources reviewed establishes a Town of Deep River, its boundary, or a filed petition.

### One concrete next research question

Can the campaign obtain a candidate boundary or parcel list, then intersect it with current FEMA flood-hazard layers, IDEM impaired-reach/e303d data, Lake County drainage and MS4 layers, public sewer-service maps, and the USGS Deep River monitoring network to produce a parcel-level water-risk and stewardship map?

## 2026-07-21 — Geography and land use

### Topic
Regional land-use context and the current planning framework relevant to a proposed Town of Deep River, without treating the unincorporated area, the Deep River watershed, or Lake County Council District 6 as a town boundary.

### Verified findings

- NIRPC’s current Land Use & Housing page says its regional planning work examines how to use existing physical and service-system infrastructure to manage development costs, and that local choices are considered within a broader regional framework. NIRPC identifies itself as an independent unit of local government, not a State agency, although its website is hosted on IN.gov.
- NIRPC’s NWI 2050+ Land Use & Housing chapter describes a regional development pattern that includes growth in unincorporated areas, free-standing towns, and a rural environment. This is a regional planning classification, not a legal description of Deep River and not evidence that an incorporated Town of Deep River exists.
- The same chapter states that a substantial amount of development in the three-county region occurs outside current municipal limits and that this development represents a much smaller share of the overall population than its land area. The chapter’s statement is regional and map-based; it does not provide a Deep River parcel count, population, or boundary.
- NIRPC identifies environmental assets associated with the Deep River system, including Hobart Marsh and Prairie Grove, as part of the region’s significant open-space and ecological framework. This corroborates the earlier water/ecology pass’s conclusion that the Deep River corridor is a regional environmental geography crossing existing jurisdictions.
- NIRPC’s compendium of existing local plans lists a **Lake County Unincorporated Area Plan (2018)** with four stated priorities: protect the agricultural and industrial economy through managed-growth policies; protect and enhance environmental assets; coordinate land-use plans with municipalities; and promote mixed-use development. These are the current planning priorities reported by NIRPC for that county plan; they do not establish that the proposal adopts them or that the proposal’s territory matches the plan’s coverage.
- NIRPC’s compendium separately lists a 2019 Hobart Conservation Zoning and Subarea Plan focused on protecting environmental resources, connecting those resources, using low-impact development practices, improving water quality through future land-use conservation areas, and expanding park areas. This is a Hobart planning document and must not be presented as a Deep River plan or as evidence of municipal support for incorporation.
- NIRPC states that its GIS work supports transportation, environmental-resource, land-use, and economic-development planning and has included regional land-use inventories and demographic/economic analysis. Its public land-use page provides a regional map, NWI 2050+ maps, and community-based snapshots for named existing communities; I found no public Deep River community snapshot or official proposed-town land-use map in the material reviewed.
- The current NIRPC planning pages and documents reviewed do not establish a legal boundary, incorporated status, proposed acreage, zoning map, parcel inventory, population, or public support for the proposed Town of Deep River. The Lake County Council 6th District remains a separate county electoral/financial geography and was not used as a proxy for any proposed boundary.

### Source URLs

- https://www.in.gov/nirpc/economy-and-place/land-use-and-housing
- https://www.in.gov/nirpc/economy-and-place/land-use-and-housing/Plans-and-Studies
- https://www.in.gov/nirpc/files/5-Land-Use-FINAL.pdf
- https://www.in.gov/nirpc/economy-and-place/regional-data-and-maps/gis-data-and-maps
- https://www.in.gov/nirpc/environment/deep-river-watershed-initiative
- https://www.in.gov/idem/nps/resources/watershed-management-plans/deep-river-portage-burns-waterway-wmp-3-125

### Relevance to the campaign

The campaign should build its geography from a survey-defined candidate territory and parcel-level GIS, then compare that territory with the Lake County Unincorporated Area Plan, existing municipal plans, zoning, environmental assets, and infrastructure. The best land-use position is to promise managed growth, protection of agricultural and ecological assets, coordination with nearby municipalities, and a transparent map-based planning process—not to imply that a regional plan has already authorized or defined Deep River.

The absence of a public Deep River land-use plan or community snapshot is itself a practical campaign gap. Before making development promises, the campaign needs a published boundary, existing-land-use inventory, future-land-use alternatives, and a clear explanation of how the proposal differs from nearby Hobart, Merrillville, Crown Point, Winfield, and other existing jurisdictions.

### Uncertainties

- The proposed territory was not supplied or located in the brief or the official sources reviewed; therefore no acreage, parcel count, land-cover share, zoning mix, or municipality overlap is reported.
- The NWI 2050+ chapter is a regional planning document and includes historical/current conditions and broad planning observations; it is not a parcel-level, current Lake County zoning or assessment dataset.
- The official NIRPC pages link maps and an interactive community-snapshot application, but text extraction did not expose a downloadable parcel layer or a Deep River-specific map. A GIS request or direct review of Lake County’s GIS services is needed.
- No source reviewed establishes that residents or landowners in the unincorporated Deep River area support incorporation. The land-use priorities above are planning findings, not public-vote results.

### One concrete next research question

Can the campaign obtain a survey-defined candidate territory and a current Lake County GIS parcel/zoning export, then calculate its acreage, land-use categories, municipal and township overlaps, environmental constraints, and consistency or conflict with the 2018 Lake County Unincorporated Area Plan?

## 2026-07-21 — Transportation and infrastructure

### Topic
Current transportation-planning, drainage, and transit context for the proposed Town of Deep River. The sources describe regional, county, or unincorporated-area systems; they do not establish a proposed municipal boundary.

### Verified findings

- The Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission (NIRPC) is the metropolitan planning organization for Lake, Porter, and LaPorte counties. Its current 2050 Metropolitan Transportation Plan update states that the plan must have at least a 20-year horizon, be fiscally constrained, and be updated every four years using current estimates and assumptions for population, land use, travel, employment, congestion, and economic activity. NIRPC says its current NWI 2050+ plan was adopted July 20, 2023 and that the update process began data collection in January 2026. This is the active regional transportation-planning channel relevant to any future municipal proposal.
- NIRPC describes NWI 2050+ as addressing walking, bicycling, transit, and driving for people of all ages and abilities. The agency says the plan guides the use of more than **$100 million in federal transportation funding annually** in Northwest Indiana and that the plan’s investments through 2050 would exceed **$3 billion**. These are regional planning figures stated by NIRPC, not funds allocated to a proposed Town of Deep River.
- NIRPC’s transportation framework emphasizes preserving existing systems, improving safety for all users, connecting residents to jobs, education, services, and recreation, and moving freight efficiently. It also says transportation and land-use decisions should be coordinated and should avoid unnecessary loss of rural or agricultural land and environmental assets. These are adopted regional planning priorities, not commitments to a specific Deep River road project.
- NIRPC’s public-transit page identifies seven providers for which it receives or administers federal transit funds, including **South Lake County Community Services**, and separately lists Lake County Community Services as a regional bus-transit provider. The page also identifies the South Shore Line and Amtrak as passenger/commuter rail providers in Northwest Indiana. The source does not establish fixed-route service, stop locations, eligibility, frequency, or future municipal service for the current unincorporated Deep River area.
- Lake County’s official Surveyor page states that the County Surveyor’s Office maintains official county maps and survey corners, coordinates county GIS, manages **600 miles of legal drain** with the County Drainage Board, and reviews subdivision proposals in unincorporated areas for compliance with county ordinances. The 600-mile figure is a county drainage-system figure, not the length of drainage infrastructure inside the proposed town.
- Lake County’s current official community page lists existing incorporated cities and towns, including Hobart, Merrillville, Crown Point, Winfield, and others, but does not list a Town of Deep River. The present Deep River area therefore must be treated as part of its current unincorporated and/or existing municipal jurisdictions unless and until incorporation legally occurs. The Lake County Council 6th District remains a separate county electoral and financial geography, not a road-service area or municipal boundary.
- NIRPC’s GIS program says it supports transportation, environmental-resource, land-use, and economic-development planning and includes traffic-count displays, crash and safety analysis, demographic/economic analysis, and regional land-use inventories. This confirms that a defensible campaign infrastructure map should be GIS-based rather than inferred from the name “Deep River,” the watershed, or Council District 6.

### Source URLs

- https://www.in.gov/nirpc/transportation/2050-metropolitan-transportation-plan-2027-update
- https://www.in.gov/nirpc/transportation/nwi-2050-plus
- https://www.in.gov/nirpc/transportation/transit
- https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/surveyor
- https://lakecountyin.gov/community/towns-and-cities
- https://www.in.gov/nirpc/economy-and-place/regional-data-and-maps/gis-data-and-maps

### Relevance to the campaign

The campaign should make transportation a boundary-first issue. Before promising roads, sidewalks, trails, transit, or drainage improvements, it needs a survey-defined candidate territory and a parcel/road inventory identifying road ownership, functional classification, pavement and bridge condition, crash history, sidewalk and trail gaps, drainage assets, flood-prone crossings, school and emergency routes, and current transit eligibility. The proposal can then be tested against NIRPC’s active 2050+ update and the County’s existing drainage and GIS systems.

The practical pitch is stronger if it asks for coordinated, multimodal maintenance and safety—especially drainage, safe crossings, walking/biking connections, and access to existing jobs and services—rather than implying that incorporation automatically unlocks a new road department or transit system. Any claim about a specific provider or capital project requires parcel- and route-level confirmation.

### Uncertainties

- No survey-defined proposed boundary, parcel list, road-segment list, or legal description was found in the brief or the sources reviewed. Therefore, no Deep River-specific roadway mileage, traffic volume, crash rate, bridge count, drainage capacity, transit coverage, or infrastructure cost is reported.
- NIRPC’s current plan update page says detailed documents are forthcoming; its regional funding figures and policy priorities cannot be converted into a proposed-town allocation.
- The Lake County Surveyor page confirms county drainage and GIS responsibilities but does not identify every drainage asset, road owner, or stormwater facility in the unincorporated Deep River area.
- The NIRPC transit page lists regional providers and links a service map, but text review did not establish the exact service boundary, hours, fares, or eligibility for a particular Deep River address.
- None of these transportation or infrastructure sources establishes incorporation, a petition, landowner support, or public support for the proposed town.

### One concrete next research question

Can the campaign obtain a survey-defined candidate boundary and use Lake County GIS, INDOT road data, NIRPC traffic/crash layers, drainage records, and transit-provider service maps to produce a parcel-by-parcel transportation and infrastructure baseline with named owners, providers, gaps, and preliminary cost categories?

## 2026-07-21 — Economic development and labor-market context

### Topic
Current Lake County and Northwest Indiana economic conditions relevant to a proposed Town of Deep River. County and regional statistics below are context only; they are not estimates of the proposed town’s population, tax base, employment, or public support.

### Verified findings

- STATS Indiana’s current Lake County profile reports a **2025 population estimate of 504,612**, compared with **498,700 in the 2020 Census**, a stated **1.2% increase**. These are county-level figures, not a proposed-town count. The same profile reports a **2030 projection of 504,125**, explicitly identified as a projection based on 2020 Census population estimates; it is not a forecast of the proposed town.
- The STATS Indiana profile reports **2024 median household income of $73,228**, **2024 per-capita personal income of $58,423**, and a **2024 poverty rate of 13.3%** for Lake County. These figures come from the profile’s cited federal/state sources and describe the county as a whole; they should not be assigned to the unincorporated Deep River area without a defined geography.
- The same profile reports **2025 total resident labor force of 243,484**, **231,085 employed**, **12,399 unemployed**, and a **5.1% annual unemployment rate**. It separately reports a **4.3% May 2026 unemployment rate** for Lake County versus **3.6% for Indiana**. The annual and monthly measures are different timeframes and should not be blended.
- STATS Indiana reports **257,144 jobs by place of work in 2024** in Lake County, with **90.5% in private employment** and **9.4% in government**. Among the listed private sectors, health care and social assistance accounted for **35,957 jobs (14.0%)**, retail trade for **28,316 (11.0%)**, manufacturing for **22,717 (8.8%)**, accommodation and food services for **22,571 (8.8%)**, and transportation/warehousing for **17,009 (6.6%)**. These are jobs located in the county, not jobs held by residents of the proposed town.
- The profile reports **$17.918 billion in 2024 total earnings by place of work** and an average of **$69,681 per job**. It warns that some industry totals are unavailable because of federal disclosure restrictions; the listed “Other Private” total is marked as incomplete. Campaign materials should not sum the displayed sectors as a complete industry census.
- The profile reports **1,262 residential building permits filed in Lake County in 2025**, all listed as single-family permits in the displayed table. This is a county-level permit statistic and does not show permit activity, housing demand, or development capacity in the current unincorporated Deep River area.
- Indiana’s Department of Workforce Development identifies Hoosiers by the Numbers and related dashboards as sources for Indiana workforce demographics and labor-market statistics. This supports using DWD data for later, more localized labor-shed and occupation research rather than treating county-wide economic indicators as a town business plan.
- Lake County’s 2018 Comprehensive Plan is the adopted land-use policy document for the county’s **unincorporated area**. Its existence means economic-development claims for the current Deep River area should be tested against the county’s unincorporated planning framework until a proposed boundary and legally applicable municipal plan exist. The Lake County Council 6th District remains a county financial/electoral district, not an economic-development geography or proposed town boundary.

### Source URLs

- https://www.stats.indiana.edu/profiles/profiles.asp?scope_choice=a&county_changer=18089
- https://www.in.gov/dwd/data
- https://lakecountyin.gov/dA/b92ae22e-cf4f-4c1f-b897-d0e4b29914a4/pdfFile/Lake_County_Plan_-_06.08.2018_xDRAFTx.pdf?language_id=1
- https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/lakecountyindiana/PST040225

### Relevance to the campaign

The economic case should start with a boundary-specific baseline, not county boosterism. The campaign can credibly frame economic development around retaining local spending, supporting small businesses and trades, protecting productive land and water assets, improving safe access to jobs, and coordinating with Lake County, NIRPC, DWD, and existing municipalities. It should distinguish jobs located in Lake County from resident employment, and it should not claim that incorporation itself creates jobs or guarantees a larger tax base.

The county’s mixed employment base—especially health care/social assistance, retail, manufacturing, food service, and transportation/warehousing—suggests that a future town plan should ask which sectors are actually present or accessible in the candidate territory and what infrastructure they require. That question cannot be answered responsibly until the campaign has a survey-defined territory, parcel inventory, current zoning, assessed land uses, business list, and road/utility analysis.

### Uncertainties

- No survey-defined proposed-town boundary, parcel list, business inventory, assessed-value rollup, local employment count, or town-specific tax base was found. Therefore no Deep River economic estimate is reported.
- The STATS Indiana profile is a current secondary presentation of federal/state data; its cited source labels should be retained when reusing any figure. County totals include incorporated municipalities and unincorporated areas and cannot be used as a proxy for the proposed town.
- The Census QuickFacts page was identified in search, but direct text retrieval returned HTTP 403 in this pass. I therefore relied on the accessible STATS Indiana county profile for the figures above and did not add unverified QuickFacts values.
- Several industry values in the STATS Indiana profile are subject to BEA disclosure suppression or incomplete “Other Private” aggregation. Sector shares should be presented as the profile displays them, not as a complete accounting of every county job.
- No source reviewed establishes business support, landowner support, resident support, or public support for incorporation. No statistic here should be read as evidence of such support.

### One concrete next research question

Can the campaign obtain a survey-defined candidate territory and then join Lake County assessor/GIS parcels with DWD/Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, business-license or establishment records, zoning, assessed value, utilities, and NIRPC access data to identify the territory’s actual economic base and infrastructure needs?

## 2026-07-29 — City-Data municipal comparison

### Topic
A comparable-statistics snapshot of Lake County municipalities and nearby communities relevant to the proposed Town of Deep River.

### Verified findings

- City-Data’s municipal profiles provide a useful comparison layer for population, income, housing value, rent, cost of living, and poverty. They are secondary compiled profiles, not official municipal financial statements, Census releases, or legal boundary records.
- The supplied Merrillville profile reports **2024 population of 36,989**, **median household income of $69,248**, **per-capita income of $37,637**, **median house/condo value of $235,602**, **median gross rent of $1,339**, **cost-of-living index of 94.7**, and **poverty of 12.6%**.
- Comparable City-Data profiles report the following 2024 values:

| Municipality | Population | Median household income | Per-capita income | Median house/condo value | Median gross rent | Cost-of-living index | Poverty |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| Merrillville | 36,989 | $69,248 | $37,637 | $235,602 | $1,339 | 94.7 | 12.6% |
| Hobart | 29,418 | $77,007 | $37,519 | $239,837 | $1,260 | 94.2 | 10.0% |
| Crown Point | 35,097 | $104,185 | $43,693 | $328,550 | $1,551 | 95.1 | 6.8% |
| Winfield | 8,557 | $139,209 | $50,509 | $456,381 | not reported in extracted profile | 90.7 | 5.9% |
| Griffith | 16,192 | $78,519 | $41,681 | $234,153 | $1,290 | 94.3 | 7.1% |
| New Chicago | 1,976 | $58,722 | $28,650 | $149,452 | $1,192 | 93.4 | 16.7% |
| Lake Station | 13,033 | $61,055 | $27,636 | $153,130 | $1,174 | 93.2 | 15.4% |
| Cedar Lake | 16,404 | $85,430 | $42,089 | $314,284 | $1,410 | 95.1 | 3.5% |
| Lowell | 11,449 | $86,089 | $38,720 | $276,392 | $1,173 | 93.7 | 5.5% |
| Munster | 23,634 | $112,895 | $58,961 | $372,572 | $1,574 | 95.7 | 6.0% |

- The comparison range is wide. Population runs from **1,976 in New Chicago** to **36,989 in Merrillville**; median household income runs from **$58,722 in New Chicago** to **$139,209 in Winfield**; and poverty ranges from **3.5% in Cedar Lake** to **16.7% in New Chicago**.
- City-Data’s figures show why the campaign should not pick a single municipality as a simplistic model. Merrillville and Hobart are the more relevant scale-and-proximity comparators for a Deep River-area discussion, while Crown Point, Cedar Lake, Winfield, Lowell, and Munster illustrate materially different housing, income, and development contexts. New Chicago and Lake Station illustrate lower-income and higher-poverty comparison cases.
- The two supplied screenshots reinforce a boundary warning: the Lake County Council District 6 map and a general map of the Merrillville/Deep River-area landscape are different geographies. The screenshots show roads, parcels, water features, and municipal places, but they do not establish a proposed-town legal boundary or prove that every depicted parcel lies in District 6.

### Relevance to the campaign

Use this table as context, not as a proposed Deep River estimate. The defensible campaign argument is that Deep River needs its own parcel-level baseline before anyone can promise a tax base, population, service budget, or housing strategy. The municipal comparisons can then frame the questions: Is the proposal aiming for a Merrillville/Hobart-scale service model, a smaller rural town, or a conservation-oriented jurisdiction with a different fiscal profile?

The campaign should never average these municipalities and call the result “Deep River.” City-Data profiles mix different municipal forms, development patterns, and geographies, and their estimates should be checked against Census, ACS, Indiana state, county assessor, and official municipal sources before publication as hard claims.

### Data limitations

- City-Data is a secondary compilation and may combine estimates, modeled values, and data from different source years. The figures above are labeled **2024** on the accessed pages, but they are not treated as official town-certified statistics.
- “Municipality” is used here for readability; the profiles include cities and towns with different legal histories and governmental structures.
- The profiles do not provide a proposed Town of Deep River population, boundary, assessed valuation, tax rate, service cost, voter count, or incorporation support.
- The absence of a City-Data profile for “Deep River” is not evidence that a legal entity does not exist; the official Lake County roster and the research brief’s status review are the relevant sources for legal-status claims.
- Winfield’s extracted profile did not display a median gross-rent figure in the available text, so it is marked “not reported in extracted profile” rather than guessed.

### Source URLs

- https://www.city-data.com/city/Merrillville-Indiana.html
- https://www.city-data.com/city/Hobart-Indiana.html
- https://www.city-data.com/city/Crown-Point-Indiana.html
- https://www.city-data.com/city/Winfield-Indiana.html
- https://www.city-data.com/city/Griffith-Indiana.html
- https://www.city-data.com/city/New-Chicago-Indiana.html
- https://www.city-data.com/city/Lake-Station-Indiana.html
- https://www.city-data.com/city/Cedar-Lake-Indiana.html
- https://www.city-data.com/city/Lowell-Indiana.html
- https://www.city-data.com/city/Munster-Indiana.html
- https://lakecountyin.gov/community/towns-and-cities
- https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/council/Council-District-Map/2023_DistrictMap_6.pdf

### One concrete next research question

Which City-Data indicators can be independently reproduced from Census ACS, Indiana STATS, Lake County assessor/GIS, and official municipal records for the exact candidate Deep River territory?
## 2026-07-29 — City-Data locations and District 6 campaign reference

### Scope

This section maps City-Data comparison locations against the official 2023 Lake County Council District 6 reference map. The map uses approximate municipal reference points for orientation; it does **not** claim that every point, municipality, or surrounding parcel lies inside District 6. A point map cannot replace precinct- or parcel-level GIS verification.

### Major City-Data data points

- **Merrillville:** 36,989 residents; $69,248 median household income; $37,637 per-capita income; $235,602 median house/condo value; $1,339 median gross rent; 94.7 cost-of-living index; 12.6% poverty.
- **Hobart:** 29,418 residents; $77,007 median household income; $37,519 per-capita income; $239,837 median house/condo value; $1,260 median gross rent; 94.2 cost-of-living index; 10.0% poverty.
- **Crown Point:** 35,097 residents; $104,185 median household income; $43,693 per-capita income; $328,550 median house/condo value; $1,551 median gross rent; 95.1 cost-of-living index; 6.8% poverty.
- **Winfield:** 8,557 residents; $139,209 median household income; $50,509 per-capita income; $456,381 median house/condo value; 90.7 cost-of-living index; 5.9% poverty.
- **Griffith:** 16,192 residents; $78,519 median household income; $41,681 per-capita income; $234,153 median house/condo value; $1,290 median gross rent; 94.3 cost-of-living index; 7.1% poverty.
- **New Chicago:** 1,976 residents; $58,722 median household income; $28,650 per-capita income; $149,452 median house/condo value; $1,192 median gross rent; 93.4 cost-of-living index; 16.7% poverty.

These six locations are the core campaign reference set because the official District 6 map visibly covers the Merrillville-centered area and extends toward Hobart/Winfield/Crown Point contexts, while Griffith and New Chicago provide nearby comparison points. The official map itself labels precincts rather than municipal boundaries, so the relationship must be described as **context and approximate orientation**, not a jurisdictional finding.

### What the comparison says

1. **Merrillville is the strongest scale comparator.** Its population is slightly larger than Crown Point’s and larger than Hobart’s, but its median household income is materially lower than Crown Point, Winfield, or the county’s higher-income suburban examples.
2. **The economic range is politically important.** Across these six profiles, median household income spans $58,722 to $139,209, while poverty spans 5.9% to 16.7%. A single “Lake County voter” message would flatten real differences in housing pressure and household resources.
3. **Housing is a clear dividing line.** Reported median house/condo values range from $149,452 in New Chicago to $456,381 in Winfield. Housing and infrastructure concerns should therefore be tested by neighborhood and precinct, not inferred from a county-wide average.
4. **District 6 needs a boundary-first campaign map.** The official map shows precinct polygons and roads/water lines, but not a proposed Deep River boundary. Before using these points for targeting, the campaign should join the official precinct layer to addresses or parcels and classify each location as inside, outside, or intersecting District 6.

### Campaign use

Use the map as a briefing graphic for route planning, listening sessions, and comparison research—not as a turnout, support, or legal-boundary map. For public campaign materials, label every figure “City-Data, 2024 profile; secondary compilation” and every map “approximate reference points; verify precinct/parcel status before publication.”

### Limitations

- City-Data pages are secondary compilations and can combine estimates and source years.
- The official District 6 PDF is a precinct reference map; the present graphic uses approximate place points and does not perform point-in-polygon analysis.
- A municipality can straddle or sit outside District 6 even when a reference point appears on the map; no municipality-wide inclusion claim is made here.
- No candidate Deep River boundary, legal description, or parcel list was supplied, so no Deep River-specific demographic or District 6 population estimate is reported.

### Files

- `Projects/deep-river-campaign/lake-county-6th-city-data-reference-map.png` — labeled campaign reference map.
- `Projects/deep-river-campaign/city-data-district6-comparison.csv` — comparison data for the six core locations.

### Source URLs

- https://www.city-data.com/city/Merrillville-Indiana.html
- https://www.city-data.com/city/Hobart-Indiana.html
- https://www.city-data.com/city/Crown-Point-Indiana.html
- https://www.city-data.com/city/Winfield-Indiana.html
- https://www.city-data.com/city/Griffith-Indiana.html
- https://www.city-data.com/city/New-Chicago-Indiana.html
- https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/council/Council-District-Map/2023_DistrictMap_6.pdf


## 2026-07-29 — Lake County maps research layer

### Source incorporated

Michael White’s *Lake County Indiana Maps Pathfinder Bibliography* (created November 29, 2025; last edited June 13, 2026) is now part of the campaign research set. The pathfinder is a research guide, not a boundary source: it focuses on county-wide, county-regional, plat, township/range/section, environmental, and railroad maps, and expressly says it does not attempt to list every city- or town-specific map.

### What the pathfinder adds

- **Modern parcel and land-division research:** the Lake County Surveyor’s GIS Hub is identified as the place to examine modern parcels, ownership, and divisions. The pathfinder pairs that with RandyMajors.org’s township/range/section overlay, which can help translate historic descriptions into a modern map workflow.
- **Historic land-change research:** the bibliography identifies county maps and plat books from roughly **1840 through 2019**, including T. H. Ball’s 1873 township/range/section map, Hardesty’s 1874 sectional map, county maps from 1890 and 1906, road and cultural maps from 1936, and repeated plat books from 1924–1940, 1926, 1939, 1972–1985, 1994–1998, 2003, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2019.
- **Historic ownership and parcel continuity:** the pathfinder specifically recommends locating a property or site on an old map, recording its township/range/section, then comparing it with modern GIS divisions and ownership. That is exactly the missing evidence needed to test whether the proposed Deep River boundary follows a historically coherent settlement, drainage, landholding, or transportation pattern.
- **Indigenous and pre-settlement context:** the listed map *Major Pottawatomie Foot Trails Until 1833* provides a lead for researching pre-1833 movement corridors. It should be used carefully and alongside tribal, historical, and archival sources; an old trail map is not proof of current ownership, sovereignty, or a proposed municipal boundary.
- **Transportation history:** the bibliography adds railroad resources, including the 1896 Indiana railroad map, INDOT’s 2018 and 2021 rail maps, the 2021 abandoned-railroads map, the Northwest Indiana rail map, and an abandoned-railroad reference. These can help explain why roads, rail, industrial land, and settlement patterns developed as they did around the Deep River/Merrillville/Hobart area.
- **Terrain and environmental constraints:** the bibliography points to Lake County LiDAR, Indiana historic-map collections, the Lake County GIS index, and environmental/historical map portals. LiDAR and historic drainage/road maps should be combined with current flood, wetland, watershed, and parcel layers before making development or conservation claims.

### Campaign application

The bibliography changes the next research step from “find more demographic statistics” to **build a time-series parcel atlas**. The first atlas should compare at least these layers for the candidate Deep River territory:

1. current Lake County GIS parcels, ownership, divisions, zoning, and municipal/township boundaries;
2. 1873 Ball and 1874 Hardesty township/range/section maps;
3. the 1890, 1906, 1936, 1926, and 1939 county/plat resources;
4. the 1994, 2003, 2010, and 2019 plat books as later checkpoints;
5. current roads, rail lines, abandoned rail corridors, waterways, drainage, LiDAR, wetlands, and flood-risk layers;
6. the official Lake County Council District 6 precinct map as a separate political overlay.

That atlas could answer campaign-relevant questions without inventing a town history: Which roads and crossings predate modern subdivisions? Which parcels have remained agricultural, wooded, wet, or undeveloped? Where did rail and industrial corridors reshape land use? Does the proposed boundary follow a coherent watershed or historic settlement pattern, or is it simply a conceptual campaign outline? Which properties are split by current municipal, township, or council-district lines?

### Source links from the pathfinder

- Lake County Surveyor GIS Hub: https://lakecountyhub-lakeingispro.hub.arcgis.com/
- Lake County Maps and GIS Index: https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/voters/maps-gis/
- RandyMajors township/range/section map: https://www.randymajors.org/township-range-on-google-maps
- Indiana State Library Lake County maps: https://www.in.gov/library/collections-and-services/indiana/indiana-county-maps-atlases-and-plat-books/lake-county-maps/
- Indiana Memory Lake County map search: https://indianamemory.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15078coll8/search/searchterm/Lake%20County/field/subjec/mode/exact/conn/and/order/title/ad/asc
- Indiana Historic Maps collection: https://digitalcollections.iu.edu/collections/hx11zj40q?utf8=%E2%9C%93&cq=Lake+County&sort=&locale=en
- David Rumsey Lake County search: https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/view/search?search=Submit&cat=0&q=lake+county+indiana&dateRangeStart=&dateRangeEnd=&sort=pub_list_no%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort
- Internet Archive Lake County map search: https://archive.org/search?query=subject%3A%22Lake+County+Indiana%22+maps
- Lake County LiDAR download portal: https://lidar.digitalforestry.org/download.php?cname=lake&clon=-87.37284864379171&clat=41.46137994978331&years=2013,2018
- INDOT Northwest Indiana rail map: https://www.in.gov/indot/files/Northwest-Indiana-Rail-Map_Med_StWide_11x17_RH.pdf
- Library of Congress 1896 Indiana railroad map: https://www.loc.gov/resource/g4091p.rr002140/?r=0.42,1.121,0.728,0.395,0

### Limitations

- The pathfinder is a bibliography, not a GIS dataset and not a legal description of Deep River.
- Historic maps use different scales, surveying conventions, names, and reference systems; georeferencing them requires careful control points and should not be treated as exact parcel boundaries without verification.
- Historic ownership labels are evidence of a historical record, not current ownership. Current ownership should be checked against official county records and handled with privacy discipline.
- The bibliography itself excludes many city- and town-specific maps, so a future Deep River atlas will need targeted searches for Merrillville, Hobart, Ainsworth, Ross Township, Deep River County Park, and other local places.

### One concrete next research question

Which three historic maps from the pathfinder can be georeferenced most reliably to the current candidate Deep River area, and what do they show about the continuity of roads, waterways, rail corridors, parcels, and settlement between the 1870s and today?

## 2026-07-29 — Data-center environmental ramifications: scholarly bibliography and District 6 research agenda

A new companion bibliography, `data-center-environmental-bibliography.md`, has been added to this project. It separates peer-reviewed scholarship from Indiana university, state, and regional-planning materials and labels preprints, legislative proposals, and planning presentations so campaign materials do not accidentally present them as binding law or site-specific findings.

### Major evidence points

- The strongest literature treats data-center impacts as a systems problem: direct cooling water, indirect water used in electricity generation, electricity demand and grid mix, heat, emissions, hardware manufacturing, land conversion, and infrastructure must be evaluated together.
- U.S. research finds substantial geographic variation in water and carbon footprints. A national average is not an adequate estimate for eastern Lake County.
- Cooling technology, climate, server utilization, equipment life, and electricity source materially change results. A project should disclose its actual design and scenario assumptions.
- Indiana-specific university and regional-planning sources identify water, electricity, stormwater, emergency generation, permitting, ratepayer exposure, and local development agreements as the relevant decision points.
- The NIRPC 2026 presentation recommends overlaying brownfields, power, fiber, and water data; setting PUE/WUE and stormwater standards; independently reporting performance; assigning infrastructure costs; and using enforceable clawbacks. Those are policy recommendations, not proof that a particular District 6 site is suitable or unsuitable.

### Eastern District 6 implication

The official District 6 map is a political boundary, not an environmental unit. A defensible campaign analysis must confirm each candidate parcel against the district boundary, then overlay watershed and drainage systems, wetlands/floodplains, utilities, land use, parcels, roads, and nearby residences. The companion bibliography includes ten concrete research questions for that screen.

### Source URLs

- https://doi.org/10.3390/su70811260
- https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abfba1
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108310
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-021-00101-w
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31290
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.146819
- https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ae193a
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106566
- https://eri.iu.edu/resources/fact-sheets/data-centers.html
- https://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/sufg/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2025-SUFG-forecast.pdf
- https://www.in.gov/nirpc/files/5.7.2026-From-Opposition-to-Opportunity.pdf
- https://www.in.gov/nirpc/files/Draft-NWI-2050-Plan-Strategies-for-Public-Comment.pdf
- https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/council/Council-District-Map/2023_DistrictMap_6.pdf

### Uncertainties

No site-specific data-center proposal, parcel, cooling design, utility commitment, permit record, or environmental impact assessment was identified in this research update. Numerical findings from the literature should not be projected onto a specific eastern District 6 site without local data.
