# N05_E18 Great Lakes pilot: 1803–1805 primary treaty-scan crosswalk **Research date:** 2026-08-10 UTC **Sector:** `N05_E18` — canonical 24 × 24 grid cell, 37.5–45.0° N and 270–285° E (90–75° W) **Anchor:** Merrillville, Indiana, approximately 41.4828° N, 87.3327° W **Time band:** `1800-1950` industrial transition, with primary treaty observations dated 1803–1805 **Status:** bounded primary-source retrieval and page inspection; no derived score and no `provisional_quadrant` ## Selected unresolved path The preceding 2026-08-09 community-authored crosswalk identified three Archive.org treaty-object paths for later scan inspection: Ratified Indian Treaties 36, 44, and 47. This run follows that exact unresolved path. It does not duplicate the earlier secondary treaty chronology, National Archives catalog-only records, or modern NLDI network response. The scans were downloaded from Archive.org and inspected page by page. Because the documents are handwritten and partly faint, observations below are limited to readable title, date, parties, ratification, and visible article/boundary context. No diplomatic transcription is invented from illegible writing. ## Spatial and evidence boundary The fixed cell is a large mixed land/water sector. The three treaty instruments were executed at Fort Wayne on the Miami of the Lake, Fort Industry on the Miami of the Lake, and Grouseland near Vincennes in Indiana Territory. Their meeting places and signatory scopes are not the same as the N05_E18 cell. The scans therefore supply regional institutional context and dated documentary evidence, not a cell-wide land-tenure, population, water, route, or energy measurement. ## Raw observations — primary scans ### A. Ratified Indian Treaty 36 — Fort Wayne, June 7, 1803 - **Archive.org item:** `7.-fort-wayne`. - **Item title:** “Ratified Indian Treaty 36: Delaware, Shawnee, Potawatomi, Miami, Eel River, Wea, Kickapoo, Piankashaw, and Kaskaskia — Fort Wayne on the Miami of the Lake, June 7, 1803.” - **National Archives identifier in item metadata:** `NAID 90029845`. - **Source date:** June 7, 1803. - **Inspected scan:** `7. Fort Wayne.pdf`, 13 pages; Archive.org item metadata lists the PDF as an image-container PDF. Page 1 is the treaty’s first handwritten article page; page 3 is the formal presidential heading identifying the treaty and parties; pages 4–5 show handwritten article/signature material and signatory marks. - **Visible observation:** The first-page heading and article layout identify a formal treaty instrument involving the United States and multiple nations including the Potawatomi. The scan visibly contains article text, named parties, signatures/marks, seals, and an execution date. The handwritten body is not transcribed here because the scan quality and script make a reliable full reading unavailable without specialist paleographic review. - **Scope:** treaty parties and the Fort Wayne/Miami of the Lake setting; exact cession parcels, boundaries, payments, and obligations require a verified transcription or higher-quality diplomatic edition. - **Confidence:** high for item identity, date, parties, page count, and existence of a signed/marked treaty instrument; low-to-unresolved for individual article wording and geometry. - **Missingness:** `ocr_or_scan_unreadable` for a complete article-level extraction; `source_exists_not_accessible` does not apply to the scan itself, which was accessible. ### B. Ratified Indian Treaty 44 — Fort Industry, July 4, 1805 - **Archive.org item:** `15.-wyandot`. - **Item title:** “Ratified Indian Treaty 44: Wyandot, Ottawa, Chippewa, Munsee, Delaware, Shawnee, and Potawatomi — Fort Industry on the Miami of the Lake, July 4, 1805.” - **National Archives identifier in item metadata:** `NAID 170281484`. - **Source date:** July 4, 1805. - **Inspected scan:** `15. Wyandot.pdf`, 4 pages. Page 1 contains the main treaty instrument, including the parties, the stated consideration, a large land-company-related description, signatures/marks, and a visible boundary/land-description passage. Page 2 contains the presidential ratification endorsement; page 3 contains the Senate ratification resolution dated January 17, 1806; page 4 contains a Senate docket note. - **Visible observation:** The page-1 instrument records a treaty made at Fort Industry on July 4, 1805 between the United States and named Indigenous nations including the Potawatomi. It visibly includes a land conveyance or land-description passage and named companies/agents, but this note does not convert the handwritten acreage, boundary, or consideration language into a structured value. Page 3 independently confirms Senate ratification of the treaty as made at Fort Industry on July 4, 1805. - **Scope:** Fort Industry and the named parties/land description; not a direct measurement of the N05_E18 cell. The Miami of the Lake geographic reference is regional and requires a historical map crosswalk before any relation to the Great Lakes pilot geometry. - **Confidence:** high for item identity, date, parties, page-level ratification sequence, and visible existence of land-description text; low-to-unresolved for exact legal wording, parcel geometry, acreage, and relation to N05_E18. - **Missingness:** `ocr_or_scan_unreadable` for a complete reliable transcription; `geographic_match_uncertain` for the fixed cell. ### C. Ratified Indian Treaty 47 — Grouseland near Vincennes, August 21, 1805 - **Archive.org item:** `18.-delaware-vinecennes`. - **Item title:** “Ratified Indian Treaty 47: Delaware, Potawatomi, Miami, Eel River, and Wea — Grouseland near Vincennes, Indiana Territory, August 21, 1805.” - **National Archives identifier in item metadata:** `NAID 77433899`. - **Source date:** August 21, 1805. - **Inspected scan:** `18. Delaware - Vinecennes.pdf`, 12 pages. Page 1 shows the formal treaty heading and multiple article paragraphs with signatures/marks. Page 2 contains additional handwritten articles; page 3 continues article text and signatures. Page 4 visibly contains additional signatory material and an article paragraph. Page 5 is a cover/docket-style sheet identifying the treaty and date. Page 6 contains the presidential approval/ratification statement dated May 25, 1806. Page 7 contains the Senate resolution dated December 24, 1805, identifying the Grouseland treaty of August 21, 1805 and the parties including the Potawatomi. Page 8 contains a Senate docket note. - **Visible observation:** The item is a primary treaty and ratification record involving the Potawatomi and other named nations. The scan visibly establishes the execution date, place, parties, article-bearing pages, presidential action, and Senate action. The exact cession, boundary, payment, and obligation clauses are not transcribed because the handwriting is not reliably machine-readable in this run. - **Scope:** Grouseland near Vincennes and the named treaty parties; cross-boundary institutional evidence, not a direct observation inside N05_E18. - **Confidence:** high for item identity, date, place, parties, ratification page sequence, and visible article-bearing pages; low-to-unresolved for full article wording and spatial/legal interpretation. - **Missingness:** `ocr_or_scan_unreadable` for a complete article-level extraction; `geographic_match_uncertain` for the fixed cell. ## Modern-end bridge The modern side is retained from the prior N05_E18 network run rather than re-counted: - USGS NLDI anchor query: `POINT(-87.3327 41.4828)`. - Returned COMID: `3399712`. - Returned reach code: `04040001000480`. - Related NLDI basin and linked NWIS/WQP features are point, reach, catchment, and network records, not cell-wide historical equivalents. - Source URL: . The modern response is a current machine-readable hydrologic crosswalk. It does not establish that a treaty-era route, channel, boundary, or institutional arrangement had the same geometry or function. ## Source interpretation 1. These three Archive.org objects provide accessible primary scans for Potawatomi-including treaty instruments dated 1803 and 1805, with visible article pages, signatures or marks, and later presidential/Senate ratification material where present. 2. Ratified Indian Treaty 44 visibly adds a land-description and land-company context, while Treaties 36 and 47 visibly provide article-bearing treaty instruments involving the Potawatomi and other nations. These are source-level observations, not reconstructed legal boundaries. 3. The scans strengthen the pilot’s historical institutional evidence by replacing a catalog-only treaty lead with inspected primary images. They do not show that any particular treaty parcel lies within the N05_E18 cell, and they do not quantify land loss, settlement density, transport capacity, water access, or adaptive capacity. 4. The visible presence of treaty articles is not equivalent to an interpretation of consent, coercion, legal effect, implementation, or Indigenous historical meaning. Those questions require diplomatic transcription, contextual scholarship, community-grounded interpretation, and spatial crosswalks. 5. The modern USGS network and the treaty scans converge only at the broad level of regional institutional and geographic context. They are related evidence systems, not comparable measurements. ## Derived layer No numerical derivation was performed. In particular, this run does **not** calculate acreage, payment totals, boundary area, population, route length, water stress, energy constraint, adaptive capacity, or a cell-wide historical score. The only bounded bridge is categorical: ```text 1803–1805 inspected primary treaty scans + current NLDI/NWIS regional network crosswalk -> documented but non-equivalent institutional/geographic bridge ``` This is not a formula and cannot support a quadrant assignment. ## Model classification - `provisional_quadrant`: `unresolved` - **Reason:** primary scans are accessible but article-level wording and cession geometry remain unresolved; treaty locations and scopes are cross-boundary; modern hydrologic records are point/reach/catchment observations; the fixed cell is mixed and larger than the source footprints; and the pilot’s raw constraint/adaptive-capacity tables are incomplete. - **Model boundary:** `provisional_quadrant` is a model output and is not an archival fact. ## Missingness and uncertainty - `ocr_or_scan_unreadable`: full diplomatic transcription of the handwritten treaty articles was not defensibly extractable in this run. - `geographic_match_uncertain`: treaty meeting places and signatory scopes are not equivalent to the fixed N05_E18 cell; no parcel or boundary was mapped into the 24 × 24 geometry. - `period_match_uncertain`: 1803–1805 treaty instruments are dated anchors within the broad `1800-1950` band, not a continuous period record. - `historical_measure_not_available`: no comparable treaty-era population, water, energy, transport, land-cover, or cell-wide settlement measure was extracted. - `source_exists_not_accessible`: higher-quality diplomatic transcription, treaty maps, associated correspondence, and implementation records may exist but were not located or verified here. - `conflicting_sources`: none asserted from this scan-only run; secondary accounts were not used to overwrite the primary images. - `not_applicable`: no sector-wide numerical aggregation or model score was attempted. No archival silence, unreadable text, or absent boundary extraction has been converted into zero. ## Next search path 1. Locate a diplomatic transcription or page-verified typed edition for Treaties 36, 44, and 47 and compare it against the scans, preserving article and page references. 2. Retrieve treaty maps, schedules, associated Senate/War Department records, and land-office or survey material needed to crosswalk cession or reserved parcels to the fixed N05_E18 cell and neighboring Great Lakes sectors. 3. Ask whether Potawatomi tribal-government or community-controlled sources interpret these specific 1803–1805 instruments, without treating community interpretation as a substitute for the treaty image or vice versa. 4. Resolve whether the treaty-era institutional observations can be paired with dated 1800–1950 census, route, settlement, and hydrologic records at a documented spatial scale. 5. Continue the modern 1950–present bridge separately through machine-readable water-quality, population, infrastructure, and energy sources; do not blend it into the treaty record until the spatial and temporal crosswalk is explicit. ## Provenance register | Evidence | Tier | Identifier / page scope | Date accessed | URL | |---|---|---|---|---| | Ratified Indian Treaty 36 | A/C: digitized primary federal record | Archive.org `7.-fort-wayne`; `7. Fort Wayne.pdf`, 13 pages; inspected PDF pp. 1–5; NAID `90029845` | 2026-08-10 | | | Treaty 36 scan file | A/C | `7. Fort Wayne.pdf` | 2026-08-10 | | | Ratified Indian Treaty 44 | A/C: digitized primary federal record | Archive.org `15.-wyandot`; `15. Wyandot.pdf`, 4 pages; inspected pp. 1–4; NAID `170281484` | 2026-08-10 | | | Treaty 44 scan file | A/C | `15. Wyandot.pdf` | 2026-08-10 | | | Ratified Indian Treaty 47 | A/C: digitized primary federal record | Archive.org `18.-delaware-vinecennes`; `18. Delaware - Vinecennes.pdf`, 12 pages; inspected pp. 1–8; NAID `77433899` | 2026-08-10 | | | Treaty 47 scan file | A/C | `18. Delaware - Vinecennes.pdf` | 2026-08-10 | | | Current hydrologic network crosswalk | A: authoritative machine-readable API | USGS NLDI; COMID `3399712`; reach `04040001000480`; retrieved 2026-08-09 | 2026-08-10 | | | Prior treaty-object retrieval path | A/C: authoritative catalog plus digitized record path | National Archives treaty catalog; relevant object paths and NAIDs | 2026-08-10 | | ## Bottom line This run makes a defensible improvement to the N05_E18 historical record: three previously identified Archive.org treaty leads were downloaded and visually inspected as primary scans, confirming dated Potawatomi-including treaty instruments and ratification material at item/page level. The result remains bounded. Exact treaty clauses, cession or reservation geometry, implementation history, archaeological corroboration, comparable cell-wide measures, derived scores, and `provisional_quadrant` remain unresolved. No unsupported precision was added.